Realistic data generation
A time-inhomogeneous Markov process learns time-varying parking transitions and synthesizes occupancy patterns with contextual signals.
Predictive smart parking
PANDA
Can a parking digital twin move from showing what is occupied now to helping operators anticipate what happens next?
Presented virtually at ASCE i3CE 2026
Why I built it
How can facility-scale parking twins provide multi-horizon occupancy and turnover forecasts when local data and computing resources are limited?
PANDA is a lightweight digital twin framework for predictive management of retail parking facilities. It addresses a practical problem: smaller deployments often lack long historical records and cannot support large forecasting pipelines.
The framework connects synthetic data generation, a compact multi-task forecasting model called P-LiteNet, and a geospatially accurate Cesium environment. The result is a twin that visualizes both current and predicted parking states for operational decision support.
The Cesium-based facility twin maps predicted states to parking modules and individual spaces for rapid operational interpretation.
How the system works
P-LiteNet
A 156K-parameter TinyGRU architecture jointly predicts multi-horizon occupancy and time-to-change instead of maintaining separate models for each horizon.
Cesium digital twin
Forecasts are synchronized with individual parking entities in a 3D geospatial environment for slot-level and module-level exploration.
156KP-LiteNet parameters
85%parameter reduction
0.76multi-horizon occupancy AUC
18.2 minturnover prediction RMSE
What this work contributes
From a research question to an inspectable system.
- An end-to-end path from data scarcity to predictive parking visualization.
- Joint occupancy and turnover prediction in one lightweight model.
- A geospatial 3D interface that exposes forecast states at individual parking spaces.
- The current evaluation uses Markov-generated synthetic data, with real sensor validation planned as the next phase.
How I read the results
What the evidence means
PANDA focuses on what happens after occupancy has been observed: forecasting how the facility will change and exposing those forecasts spatially. The joint model avoids maintaining a separate predictor for every time horizon and turnover task, which makes repeated digital-twin synchronization more practical.
Current scope
What has been validated so far
PANDA currently uses Markov-generated occupancy data calibrated from public patterns. The next phase will validate the framework with live parking sensors, heterogeneous streams, and behavioral simulation.
Inside the system
More evidence from the research.
Where I am taking it next